Marriage in the Bible

Paul addresses marriage, singleness, and divorce. He teaches that each person should remain in the situation God called them. He commends singleness as a gift that allows undivided devotion to the Lord, while affirming marriage as good and honoring.

Solomon's many foreign wives turn his heart to other gods in his old age. God raises adversaries against him and tells Solomon the kingdom will be torn from his son, leaving only one tribe for David's sake. Solomon dies after 40 years.

Peter instructs wives and husbands on mutual respect in marriage. He urges all believers to be compassionate, humble, and ready to give an answer for the hope within them, with gentleness and respect. Christ suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring us to God.

David asks the wealthy Nabal for provisions, but Nabal insults him. David sets out to destroy Nabal's household, but Nabal's wise wife Abigail intercepts with gifts and a persuasive appeal. God strikes Nabal dead, and David marries Abigail.

David commits adultery with Bathsheba while her husband Uriah is at war. When Bathsheba becomes pregnant, David unsuccessfully tries to cover it up, then arranges for Uriah to be killed in battle. David marries Bathsheba. God is displeased.

A collection of laws covers returning lost property, cross-dressing prohibition, protecting mother birds, building parapets on rooftops, and not mixing seeds, animals, or fabrics. Marriage laws address the case of a slandered bride, adultery, and sexual assault, with penalties distinguishing between consensual sin and victimhood.

Laws address divorce (a certificate is required and remarriage after a second marriage is prohibited), pledges (a millstone cannot be taken), kidnapping (punishable by death), and fair treatment of hired workers (pay them promptly). Gleaning laws ensure food for foreigners, orphans, and widows.

Laws limit flogging to forty stripes, protect working oxen from being muzzled, and establish levirate marriage — a brother's duty to marry his deceased brother's widow to continue his name. Honest weights and measures are required. The chapter concludes with a command to remember and eventually destroy Amalek.

Paul calls believers to imitate God as beloved children, walking in love as Christ loved us. He contrasts the darkness of sin with living as children of light. He describes marriage as a mystery reflecting Christ and the church, where husbands love sacrificially and the church responds with reverence.

King Ahasuerus (Xerxes) of Persia holds a lavish 180-day feast. When Queen Vashti refuses to appear before his drunken guests, the king deposes her on the advice of his counselors, creating an opportunity that will lead to Esther's rise.

A search for a new queen brings the Jewish orphan Esther (raised by her cousin Mordecai) into the king's palace. She finds favor and is crowned queen, while hiding her Jewish identity. Mordecai uncovers a plot to assassinate the king, which is recorded in the royal chronicles.

An extended allegory: Jerusalem was an abandoned newborn whom God rescued, raised, and married in lavish splendor. But she used her beauty for prostitution with every passerby — worse than Sodom and Samaria. Yet God will remember His covenant and establish an everlasting one.

The allegory of Oholah (Samaria) and Oholibah (Jerusalem) — two sisters who became prostitutes in Egypt from their youth. Oholibah is worse, lusting after Assyrian and Babylonian lovers. God will turn these lovers against her in graphic judgment.

Ezra is horrified to discover that many returnees, including priests and Levites, have married foreign women from the surrounding peoples. He tears his garments and falls on his face in a passionate prayer of confession and repentance on behalf of the people.

The people respond to Ezra's grief with repentance and agree to put away their foreign wives. A process is established to investigate cases over three months. Those who married foreign women are listed, and the marriages are dissolved.

God forms Adam from dust and breathes life into him, placing him in the Garden of Eden to tend it. God creates Eve from Adam's rib as a suitable helper, establishing the first marriage and the one-flesh union.

Sarai, unable to conceive, gives her servant Hagar to Abram as a wife. Hagar becomes pregnant and despises Sarai, leading to conflict. Hagar flees but the angel of the Lord finds her and tells her to return, promising her son Ishmael will become a great nation.

Abraham moves to Gerar and again claims Sarah is his sister. King Abimelech takes Sarah, but God warns him in a dream. Abimelech restores Sarah to Abraham and rebukes him for the deception, and Abraham prays for Abimelech's household to be healed.

Abraham sends his servant to find a wife for Isaac from his relatives in Mesopotamia. The servant prays for God's guidance and meets Rebekah at a well. Rebekah agrees to return and marry Isaac, demonstrating God's faithful providence.

Jacob arrives in Haran and meets Rachel at a well, falling in love with her. He agrees to work seven years for Laban to marry her, but Laban deceives him by substituting Leah on the wedding night. Jacob works another seven years for Rachel, and God opens Leah's womb as she bears four sons.

The rivalry between Leah and Rachel intensifies as they compete for Jacob's attention through childbearing, including through their servants Bilhah and Zilpah. Rachel finally conceives and bears Joseph. Jacob negotiates with Laban for speckled and spotted livestock as his wages, and through shrewd breeding he prospers greatly.

Dinah, Jacob's daughter, is violated by Shechem the son of Hamor. Simeon and Levi avenge their sister by tricking the men of Shechem into being circumcised and then slaughtering them. Jacob rebukes his sons for bringing trouble, but they defend their sister's honour.

Judah separates from his brothers and marries a Canaanite woman. After his sons Er and Onan die, Judah fails to give his daughter-in-law Tamar his third son. Tamar disguises herself and conceives twins by Judah, who acknowledges she is more righteous than he.

Final exhortations: keep loving one another, show hospitality to strangers, remember prisoners, honor marriage. Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever. Let us go to Him outside the camp, bearing His reproach. May the God of peace equip you with everything good for doing His will, working in us what is pleasing to Him through Jesus Christ.

God commands Hosea to marry Gomer, a promiscuous woman, as a living parable of God's relationship with unfaithful Israel. Their children receive prophetic names: Jezreel (God scatters), Lo-Ruhamah (no mercy), and Lo-Ammi (not my people).

God as the spurned husband will punish unfaithful Israel but ultimately woo her back. He will allure her into the wilderness, speak tenderly, and restore the relationship. She will call Him my husband instead of my master — a beautiful image of renewed intimacy.

God tells Hosea to buy back his adulterous wife, demonstrating His love for Israel despite her unfaithfulness. Hosea pays the price and asks Gomer to wait for him faithfully — a picture of redemption at great personal cost.

Samson demands a Philistine wife from Timnah against his parents' wishes. On the way he kills a lion with his bare hands, and later finds honey in its carcass, inspiring a riddle. When his riddle is solved through his wife's betrayal, Samson kills 30 Philistines.

A Levite's concubine is brutally assaulted and killed by men of Gibeah in Benjamin. The Levite dismembers her body and sends the pieces throughout Israel to provoke outrage. This horrific event reveals the moral collapse of the nation.

Israel grieves that Benjamin is nearly extinct but has sworn not to give them wives. They find solutions through the destruction of Jabesh-gilead and by allowing Benjamin to take wives from a festival at Shiloh. The book ends noting that in those days there was no king in Israel.

Despite Israel's spiritual adultery — unfaithfulness worse than a divorced wife — God pleads for them to return. He contrasts faithless Israel with treacherous Judah, and promises that genuine repentance will bring shepherds after His own heart.

God commands Israel not to follow the practices of Egypt or Canaan. He lists forbidden sexual relationships — incest, adultery, homosexuality, and bestiality. Child sacrifice to Molech is also prohibited. God warns that the land itself will vomit out those who defile it with these practices.

God prescribes penalties for various sins including child sacrifice to Molech, consulting mediums, cursing parents, adultery, incest, and other sexual sins. Many offences carry the death penalty. God emphasises that Israel must be holy and distinct from the nations He is driving out before them.

Special holiness requirements are given for priests — restrictions on mourning practices, marriage, and physical disqualifications for service. The high priest has even stricter requirements: he must not uncover his head, tear his garments, or go near any dead body, even his parents.

God curses the priests for breaking the covenant of Levi. He condemns divorce — I hate divorce, says the Lord — because they are breaking faith with the wives of their youth. They have wearied God by calling evil good and asking where is the God of justice?

Jesus teaches about marriage, divorce, and celibacy. He blesses children brought to Him and encounters the rich young ruler, teaching that it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for the rich to enter God's kingdom. He promises reward for those who leave everything to follow Him.

Jesus teaches about divorce, blesses little children, and encounters the rich young man who goes away sad. He declares that with God all things are possible and predicts His death a third time. James and John seek glory, but Jesus teaches that the Son of Man came to serve and give His life as a ransom.

After returning from a trip to Persia, Nehemiah discovers several abuses: Tobiah has been given a room in the temple, Levites have been neglected, the Sabbath is being violated, and intermarriage has resumed. Nehemiah vigorously corrects each problem, famously chasing people and pulling out their hair.

God commands that ceremonially unclean people be sent outside the camp to protect its purity. Laws address restitution for wrongs, with an added fifth added to compensation. The chapter details the test of bitter water for a woman suspected of adultery by her husband.

Laws are given about vows, particularly regarding women. A man's vow is binding immediately, but a woman's vow may be confirmed or annulled by her father (if unmarried) or husband on the day he hears of it. Silence constitutes approval. These laws reflect the household authority structure of ancient Israel.

The leaders of Manasseh raise a concern that if the daughters of Zelophehad marry outside their tribe, their land inheritance would transfer permanently. God rules that women who inherit land must marry within their own tribe to keep each tribe's territory intact. The book closes with Israel on the plains of Moab, ready to enter the land.

A warning against adultery. The lips of the forbidden woman drip honey, but her end is bitter as wormwood. Solomon counsels faithfulness to one's own wife, delighting in the love of youth. Sin's consequences are inescapable.

Warnings against foolish pledges, laziness (go to the ant, you sluggard), and the seven things the Lord hates. Another warning against adultery, comparing it to walking on hot coals—can a man carry fire in his lap without being burned?

A vivid narrative of a young man seduced by an adulterous woman. She catches him at twilight with persuasive words and leads him to her house. He follows like an ox to slaughter. The chapter ends with a stark warning: many are her victims.

Proverbs on the power of words, hard work, and truthfulness. The words of the reckless pierce like swords, but the tongue of the wise brings healing. Those who work their land have food; those who chase fantasies lack judgement.

The words of King Lemuel's mother and the famous poem of the virtuous woman. She is clothed with strength and dignity, laughs at the days to come, speaks with wisdom, and is praised by her children and husband. Charm is deceptive and beauty is fleeting, but a woman who fears the Lord is to be praised.