Romans

Paul introduces himself and the gospel—the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes. He explains that God's invisible qualities are clearly seen in creation, leaving humanity without excuse. Those who suppress truth exchange the glory of God for idols and face the consequences of their choices.

Paul argues that both Jews and Gentiles are equally accountable before God. Judging others while committing the same sins brings condemnation. God shows no partiality—He judges according to what people do, not their religious heritage. True circumcision is of the heart, by the Spirit.

Paul concludes that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God—Jew and Gentile alike. No one is righteous by works of the law. But God provides righteousness freely through faith in Jesus Christ, justified by His grace as a gift through the redemption in Christ Jesus.

Paul uses Abraham as the model of justification by faith, not works. Abraham believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness—before circumcision, before the Law. David too speaks of the blessedness of forgiveness apart from works. Abraham is the father of all who believe.

Through faith we have peace with God and access to His grace. Paul celebrates that suffering produces perseverance, character, and hope. He contrasts Adam and Christ: through one man sin entered the world, but through Christ, the gift of righteousness brings life. But God demonstrates His own love for us: while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.

Paul addresses the question of whether believers should keep sinning so grace may increase—absolutely not! Through baptism, believers are united with Christ in His death and resurrection. Sin no longer has dominion; we are dead to sin and alive to God. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus.

Paul explores the struggle between the law and sin. The law is holy and reveals sin, but it cannot save. He describes the inner conflict believers face: I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want—that I keep doing. He cries out for rescue from this body of death.

The crown jewel of Romans: there is now no condemnation for those in Christ Jesus. The Spirit gives life and intercedes for us. God works all things together for good for those who love Him. Nothing—neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor anything in creation—can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Paul expresses deep anguish for his fellow Israelites who have rejected the Messiah. He explores God's sovereign election, using the examples of Isaac, Jacob, and Pharaoh. God has mercy on whom He chooses, and the potter has the right to shape the clay as He wills.

Paul declares that salvation comes through confessing with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believing in your heart that God raised Him from the dead. Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. Faith comes from hearing the message about Christ. But Israel has heard and rejected.

Paul insists God has not rejected Israel. A remnant remains by grace. Gentile believers are wild olive branches grafted into Israel's root and should not be arrogant. Paul envisions a future salvation for all Israel. He closes with a doxology praising the depth of God's riches, wisdom, and knowledge.

Paul urges believers to offer their bodies as living sacrifices—this is true worship. Do not conform to the world but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. He teaches about using spiritual gifts, genuine love, overcoming evil with good, and living at peace with everyone.

Paul teaches about submitting to governing authorities as instituted by God. He urges paying debts of love, for love fulfills the entire law. The night is nearly over and the day is near, so believers should put aside darkness and clothe themselves with the Lord Jesus Christ.

Paul addresses disputable matters—dietary rules and holy days—urging believers not to judge one another over secondary issues. Each person must be fully convinced in their own mind. The kingdom of God is not about eating and drinking but about righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.

Paul calls believers to bear with the weak and build each other up, following Christ's example. He celebrates the unity of Jews and Gentiles in worship and shares his missionary plans to visit Rome on his way to Spain. He asks for prayer as he takes the collection to Jerusalem.

Paul sends extensive personal greetings, commending Phoebe as a deacon and honoring co-workers including Priscilla and Aquila. He warns against divisive people and closes with a magnificent doxology to God who is able to establish them according to the gospel and the mystery now revealed.