El Shaddai and the Letter God Hid in a New Name (Genesis 17)

El Shaddai, the God who is enough

El Shaddai names the God of overpowering strength, the God who is enough, and it appears first here because a man of ninety-nine, still with no son by Sarai, needed exactly that God. "I am God Almighty," God said (Genesis 17:1). The Hebrew is El Shaddai (H7706), and this is the first time the Bible uses it. The root is debated, and the two best readings both open the verse. One traces it to a verb for overpowering strength, the God who is mightier than every obstacle. An old Jewish reading hears it as the God who is enough, the all-sufficient one. Hold either in your hand and see who the name is spoken to: God introduced Himself this way to a man of ninety-nine whose body had failed to produce the one thing the promise depends on. Exodus later records that this was the covenant name the patriarchs knew God by (Exodus 6:3). It is the name for the God who keeps promises against the odds, and here it was spoken the instant the odds looked final.

One letter from God's name

God added a letter from His own covenant name, so that Abram's new name marks him as God's and promises him a multitude. Abram (H87) means exalted father. Abraham (H85) means father of a multitude, built from av and hamon (H1995), a roaring crowd or throng. Here is what the English loses. To turn Abram into Abraham, God folded in a single Hebrew letter, the he, and in the next passage He folded the same letter into Sarai to make Sarah. The he is the letter that sounds twice in the covenant name YHWH (H3068). The God of the covenant wrote a letter of His own name into theirs, so that from then on they could not say who they were without breathing a piece of who He is.

The renaming carried an edge the first hearers would have caught at once. In the ancient Near East a great king renamed the lesser kings under him to mark them as his own: Pharaoh Neco renamed Eliakim to Jehoiakim (2 Kings 23:34), Babylon renamed Daniel and his friends (Daniel 1:7). A conquering king renamed a vassal to show he owned him. God renamed Abram to hand him a future. And the new name was a promise not yet true, so every time it was spoken, by his household, his servants, his neighbours, it announced the thing God had sworn but not yet done.

Walk before Me and be blameless

God asked Abraham to live his whole life in the open before Him, whole and undivided. "Walk before Me and be blameless" (Genesis 17:1). The verb is halak (H1980), to walk, joined to paniym (H6440), the face or presence: to walk before the face of God. Set it beside Noah, of whom it was said, "Noah walked with God" (Genesis 6:9), where the word is with, alongside. Abraham was told to walk in front of God, in full view. And blameless is tamim (H8549), whole, complete, the very word used later for a sacrifice with no defect. It asked for a whole and undivided life lived in the sight of the God who sees.

A sign cut into the body

God put the sign in the body because the promise was about offspring, so He put its mark at the place the promised generations would come from. A covenant in Hebrew is a berit (H1285), and the ordinary idiom for making one is to karath (H3772) it, to cut it, because covenants were ratified by cutting animals in two, as God did with Abram in Genesis 15. This time the covenant was cut into the man. To circumcise is muwl (H4135), and the mark it leaves is called an oth (H226), a sign, the same word God used for the rainbow He set in the clouds after the flood (Genesis 9:12). One sign was arched across the whole sky for all flesh to see; this one was carried hidden in the body of a single family. And the covenant it sealed was olam (H5769), age-long, everlasting.

Several of Israel's neighbours practised circumcision, the Egyptians among them, usually at puberty as a rite of manhood or a priestly mark. Israel's was different in a way the first readers would have felt at once. It came on the eighth day (Genesis 17:12), on an infant who could consent to nothing and earn nothing, marking the covenant as God's gift received before the child could reach for it. And it was placed on the organ of generation, because the whole promise is about generations, offspring too many to count. God put the sign of the promise exactly where the promise would be kept.

Now hear it as Israel first did. They heard Genesis 17 read to them as a people already formed after Egypt, and they were the multitude. They carried this mark on their own bodies, and here was its origin, older than Moses, older than the law at Sinai, given to one childless old man on the strength of a spoken word. Their existence as a nation rested on a promise El Shaddai made before there was a nation to make it to. They did not descend from a conquest or a founding king. They descended from a sentence God spoke to a man face down in the dust.

The covenant fulfilled in Christ

Abraham's covenant points to Christ because its outward cut always looked ahead to the inward cutting Christ gives, and it makes Abraham father of everyone who believes. Paul built his whole argument on the order of events in this chapter. Abraham "received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith" (Romans 4:11); the faith was counted first, and the mark sealed what was already true. So Abraham became "the father of all who believe" (Romans 4:11), and the Gentiles reading this letter were the many nations God named him for.

And the outward cut always pointed inward. God commanded Israel to circumcise their hearts (Deuteronomy 10:16), then promised that He would do it Himself (Deuteronomy 30:6), and Paul told the Colossians that in Christ they received a circumcision made without hands, peritome (G4061), a cutting away of the old self (Colossians 2:11). The covenant that began "to be your God" reaches its end in the God who wrote His own name into a man's name, cut His promise into flesh, and at last wrote it on hearts. To know the God who speaks is to receive the identity He gives you, carry His mark, and walk the whole of the rest of your life in front of Him.